Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure orthopaedic surgeons use to visualize, diagnose, and treat problems inside a joint.
In an arthroscopic examination, an orthopaedic surgeon makes a small incision in the patient's skin and then inserts pencil-sized instruments that contain a small lens and lighting system to magnify and illuminate the structures inside the joint. Light is transmitted through fiber optics to the end of the arthroscope that is inserted into the joint.
Before Surgery
If a patient has decided to go ahead with a surgery recommended by their doctor, they will be fully prepared ahead of time. The doctor will do a complete physical exam, and assess whatever medications the patient is currently taking to ensure that they will not interfere with any medicines needed during the surgery. The doctor may also request blood tests or EKGs prior to the surgery to determine if any special considerations need to be made. The patient is also usually given specific instructions regarding eating or drinking in the hours leading up to the surgery, as well.
During Surgery
Typically, the patient will be required to arrive one or two hours prior to surgery. This will give the surgeon and anesthesiologist the opportunity to meet with the patient and discuss details of the surgery. The patient may have some options when it comes to anesthesia. Depending on the procedure which the doctor will be doing, local, regional, or general anesthesia may be used. Sometimes the patient may choose. Local anesthesia is used to numb only the area surrounding the joint. Regional anesthesia can be used during knee arthroscopy surgeries, and numbs below the waist. General anesthesia puts the patient in a deep sleep. The doctor, anesthesiologist, and the patient will all contribute to deciding on which anesthesia will be used depending on the patient's health, comfort level, and the type of procedure.
The orthopedic surgeon will then make some small incisions around the joint and flush the joint with clear, sterile solution to ensure a clear view of the procedure. The surgeon will then use the arthroscopy camera to guide him during the procedure itself.
After Surgery
Patients typically return home the same day after this surgery. The doctor will give them special after-care instructions to ensure that the joint heals well. These include keeping the joint elevated, applying ice, changing the dressing according to the doctor's instruction, and when it will be safe to bathe the area. Other instructions may deal with when the joint will be prepared to bear weight again (especially knee joints), and other activities the recovering area might temporarily limit. The doctor will also instruct the patient about physical therapy and medications.
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